Hezkiah, A. (2005). Adapted physical activities for the intellectually challenged adolescent: Psychomotor characteristics and implications for programming and motor intervention. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 17(1), 33-47.

This paper gives an overview of general psychomotor behavior and characteristics and then focuses on adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Psychomotor intervention and educational programming suggestions are offered.

When compared to adolescents without disabilities, adolescents with intellectual disability demonstrate low levels of physical fitness and perceptual motor difficulties, which affect their ability to learn. Major barriers include language comprehension, crucial for following instructions, and physical disabilities, which affect their abilities to perform motor skills. These limitations impact their motivation and contribute to limited opportunities for regular participation in movement, physical activity and sports, which in turn affect their ability to develop and improve in these important areas of growth and development.